While I appreciate the responses from the QuickBooks team, the solution for me was as follows:

I followed the directions of the individual at THIS POST which was essentially to open your task scheduler on the machine where you're trying to setup the automated backups and change the option that says "Configure For:" to "Windows 10" on the task titled <Your Company File Name> ##########.

If I didn't find that post I would have never found the connection, as we upgraded all of our machines to Windows 10 in July.